International Journal of Applied Science and Research

RONNIE O. JULIANO

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5701

ABSTRACT: The impacts of COVID-19 on travel demand, traffic congestion, and traffic safety are attracting heated attention that commuters and motorists in the Philippines were also among the hardest hit this year. There were months when the entire country's transportation system came to a halt, resulting in stagnant automobiles and people, and thus a weak economy. In this case, using of bicycles get recognition because of no cars, no trains, and no cabs. One bright side to the COVID-19 lockdown was that local governments, after seeing a severe shortage in transportation alternatives, finally started giving the local cycling scene the attention it deserves. This study dealt with the development and assessment of multi-powered bicycle as instructional material in automotive technology. The study revealed that the multi-powered hybrid tricycle was successfully developed by adhering to the processes of planning, designing, manufacturing, and testing. The electric motorcycle projects on the platform are purely theoretical. In the technological world, the vehicle is very important, but it also has problems with pollution and emissions. To get around these problems, the researcher employed a variety of methods. Half- bike hybrids are one of the options and a source that are easily accessible. The MPHT constantly seeks out high levels of productivity in the future.

Keyword: bicycle, commuters, hybrid, transportation, tricycle

AKINSEYE, Risikat Abimbola, (B.A., M.Sc., FCPA., ASPA., SECoPA., Ph.D)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5702

ABSTRACT: Technical and Vocational Education Training allows people to learn specific skills for different types of jobs, mainly for technical or trade-based crafts; which quickly enables them to be part of a competitive workforce by enhancing their skills so they can cope with the rapidly changing technological world. This study aimed at providing answers to the research questions formulated thus: (i) what impact can Technical and Vocational Education have on the youth to earn a living in Nigeria? (ii) is Technical and Vocational Education achieving the set objectives of poverty reduction among the youth in Nigeria? (iii) what ways can Technical and Vocational Education help in reducing poverty among the youth in Nigeria? Cross-sectional design was used to examine 5% of the beneficiaries of the 2021 Oyo State Agricultural Investment Scheme through the use of a closed-ended questionnaire. Findings in this study revealed that the scheme has started yielding qualitative impacts for the state' s food security and nutritional status, which is already among the best in Nigeria. This has contributed greatly in generating competitive human capital for economic development. To this end, government and corporate bodies should play vital roles in reducing poverty by empowering youth with entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through strategic investments in technical and vocational education training so that they can become creative and hence, contribute to the social and economic development of the nation.

Keyword: TVET, poverty alleviation, agricultural investment, scheme

Ahmad AbdulQadir AlRababah

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5703

ABSTRACT: The substantial advancements in microelectronic technology over recent decades have resulted in a progressive expansion of hardware resources. Nevertheless, the utilizable fraction of these resources for actual application realization constitutes a mere fraction of the overall availability, commonly referred to as the design gap. The escalating intricacy of designs, coupled with the imperative of minimizing time-to-market, necessitates the exploration of innovative development methodologies to effectively tackle challenges such as verification, synthesis, and testing within reasonable timeframes. This paper introduces an approach facilitating comprehensive, precise, and object-oriented specifications for hardware/software systems, employing UML 2.0. Furthermore, it details an automated compilation process that transforms these specifications into directly executable applications encompassing both hardware and software modules. Our proposed methodology is implemented through a UML model compiler tailored for reconfigurable architectures, denoted as MOCCA, which conducts validation, mapping, and application synthesis. The proposed methodology is operationalized through the development of a UML model compiler tailored for reconfigurable architectures, named MOCCA. MOCCA not only implements our innovative approach but also performs crucial tasks such as validation, mapping, and application synthesis. This integrated solution aims to bridge the design gap effectively, providing a comprehensive and streamlined framework for the development of hardware/software systems in the face of evolving technological landscapes.

Keyword: Unified Modeling Language (UML), object-oriented specifications, Microelectronic technology, Model Driven Architecture (MDA), System-on-Chip (SoC).

Elmer A. Macabecha 1, Khaiser T. Tangcogo 2, Mariel Rose E. Sawit 3 and Jenyliza T. Ucang 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5704

ABSTRACT: This study looks into the effects of employing metacognitive strategies on the self-efficacy towards Mathematics and critical thinking skills of Grade 10 students. The participants were grouped according to metacognitive and non-Metacognitive groups. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the selfefficacy towards Mathematics among students in the metacognitive Group (mean=3.60) compared to the nonmetacognitive Group (mean=3.11). The findings highlight the effectiveness of metacognitive strategies in fostering a more positive self-efficacy towards Mathematics. Despite the intervention, both groups exhibited similar levels of critical thinking skills, suggesting that metacognition might not directly influence this aspect. Nevertheless, a noteworthy distinction in self-efficacy towards Mathematics was observed between the two groups, indicating that students exposed to metacognitive approaches experience more favourable outcomes than those in the nonMetacognitive Group. Additionally, an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated a significant difference in critical thinking skills between the metacognitive and non-Metacognitive groups, with the former exhibiting superior necessary thinking abilities. These results underscore the importance of incorporating metacognitive techniques in educational settings to enhance both self-efficacy and critical thinking skills in Mathematics students.

Keyword: metacognitive strategy, self-efficacy, critical thinking skills

Kiagus A. Roni, Muhammad Abimas Halimzikri, Netty Herawati

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5705

ABSTRACT: Biomass is defined as a fuel that is renewable and has great potential in current energy developments. One of the potential bimass that is starting to be looked at currently is that it comes from waste that has not been used optimally for example, such as waste arabica coffee bean husks. This waste can be converted into a renewable energy source in the form of biomass. In an effort to improve the quality of biomass burning, biomass fuel is developed in the form of pellets known as bio pellets. This study aims to determine the effect of different carbonization times and adhesive compositions. The production of bio pellet briquettes from the material of Arabica coffee husk waste with cornstarch adhesive was carried out with variations in carbonization time such as 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes with a constant temperature of 5000C and variations in the composition of cornstarch adhesive, such as 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 %. The results of the research showed the optimal timer in making briquette bio pellets from coffee husk waste is 60 minutes carbonization time and the best adhesive composition is at 20% with the results of the analysis is 10.4172% of moisture content, 1.4599% of ash content and 22.8723% of volatile matter content, 65.2506%, of fixed carbon (fixed carbon) content, 8 of organoleptic test and calorific value of 5084.9489 cal/gr

Keyword: Biopellet, Arabica Coffee Husk, Cornstarch

Raymond Mkateko Maluleke

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5706

ABSTRACT: This study intends to expose the importance of vigorous trainings within the South African school education spectrum in relation to school governing bodies in particularly but not limited to only school governors. The role played by school governing bodies in our schools are vital to the development or demise of such institution therefore important to have governors who could able to read and write either in their mother tongue or medium of instruction. Since the dawn of democracy in 1994 there has been legislation established to include school governing bodies in the affair of our schools abolishing the apartheid education act that separated citizens based on their tribes, religions and ethnic groups. The inception of the legislation in 1996 started with transformation in abolishing the school committee which was used as the core institution of governance during apartheid regime. However, governing body despite affording the parents and guardians the absolute authority to run their affairs where their children learn. Schools in urban areas do not suffer from this challenge of having high illiteracy amongst its governors like in rural and township schools where the principal are main governors. This study recommends the election of governors with rudimentary education as they will be expected to develop policies, make appointments and make recommendations as well as set targets in their respective schools where they are elected to govern. During the quarterly and annual meetings they will be expected to make presentations verbal and non-verbal for the progress or shortcomings experienced by the school and therefore they should be in possession of the skills to be applied in communicating with all stakeholders involved in the undertaking of such institution as the bar to hold whoever is assigned with whatever task is not compromised and report is prioritized for shareholders and stakeholders as well as the school community with huge interests of the development of such institution in their localities. Development of policies by governors for implementation by the accounting officers needs some level of skills and knowledge to perform such functions hence is very important to go through continuous trainings before resumption of duties where it will be emphasized the importance of consulting and reporting back to the major shareholders and stakeholders who participated in the elections of those governors in order to access the assigned duties if are carried out accordingly to achieve the common goal of all parties involved. Governors without the necessary skills do compromise the importance of governance as they delegate their functions to the principals and avoid quarterly and annual meetings at all cost to avoid accountability and difficult questions. They are likely to skip meetings as they feel that their presence could not serve a meaningful purpose in the meeting when issues are deliberated for the benefit of their children and community at large.

Keyword: School governing bodies; parents; school community; educators; rudimentary education; grade 12; SASA; Section 20; Section 21; NDP-2030 Vision; trainings and systems

Edith G. Davis, Ed.D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5707

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 Pandemic has adversely affected every sector of our World. The battered sector of Education has once again taken a major hit in their plight to educate the World's citizens. The transfer of concepts, knowledge, and skills has been delayed, interrupted, and in some cases stopped. Providing the Micro-Spiral Method train-the-trainer model, which assists in reducing absenteeism and loss of instructional time as well as encoding concepts, knowledge, and skills into the left and right side of the brain can help overcome some adverse effects on the educational system. The Micro-Spiral Methodology or MSM has been scientifically proven to help children learn and retain information at an accelerated rate. To equip today's students for the future, we need to understand the fundamental building blocks of complex skills and apply that understanding to teaching practices and assessments. The Micro-Spiral Method works: It delivers small chunks of information to students multiple times, going more in-depth each time. This "spiral," as it is called, reinforces old information and builds on new. The teachers who teach using the Micro Spiral Method give your child a better chance at success. The purpose of this application is to provide pre-service and in-service educators with strategies for training their undergraduate and graduate students' usage of the multiplication factors of Micro-Spiral Methodologies (MSM) to improve K-12 understanding of any Subject, particularly focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM).

Keyword: Science Education; Micro Spiral Methodology, Multiplication Factor, K-12 students, Pre-service and Inservice Educators, Teach the Teachers MSM Workshops

Ayad Hasan Jawad* 1, Asst. Prof. Dr Hesham A. Numan 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5708

ABSTRACT: Composite beams are structural members that consist of a concrete slab lay on a girder and shear connectors link them together. Various types of shear connectors are used in this study the effect of changing the shear connector to angel and head stud connectors was numerically investigated using ABAQUS 2020. The model was calibrated against previous experimental data. It was concluded that the angel gives more load-bearing capacity by 4.6% than the head stud and 3% than the U-shaped shear connector and gives more stiffness than the beam linked by the head and U-shaped. The slip increases as the impact is employed and the slip value increases as the composite beam holds more load and stress

Keyword: Composite beam, head stud, angel connector, impact load

Sherly Vermita Warlenda 1, Hastuti Marlina 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5709

ABSTRACT: Personal hygiene that is not maintained during menstruation will have an impact on women's reproductive health problems, including reproductive tract infections, urinary tract infections, and has been linked to the risk of HIV infection, cervical cancer, pregnancy which has an adverse impact on the growth and development of the fetus and can even cause death in the long term. mother and baby. Considering that the negative impact of personal hygiene during menstruation is so important, it is necessary to carry out further research with the aim of research to identify the causes of low personal hygiene from the Health Belief Model concept. The research population was all female students at SMPIT Al-Fikri with a total of 56 people. The sampling technique used the total sampling method. Data analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate using the Chi-Square test and multivariate using multiple logistic regression with the backward method. The research results show a relationship between 7 variables related to personal hygiene behavior during menstruation with a p value <0.05, namely knowledge, current age, self-efficacy, cue to action, perceived barriers to action, perceived benefits to action, perceived severity. The final model produces an R-Square value of 0.708, which means that around 70.8% of personal hygiene behavior during menstruation is related to these 7 variables, and the remainder (29.2%) is influenced by other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the implementation of education and broad outreach activities in schools to increase female students' understanding of the issue of personal hygiene during menstruation in relation to the HBM concept.

Keyword: Health Belief Model, Personal Hygiene, Menstruation, Adolescents

Hawa Abdi Sahal and Robert Machyo

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5710

ABSTRACT:Religion and culture are both people identities that can also hatch up conflict if they are not managed positively. There are ways in which religion can escalate conflict but these can be mitigated especially through the use of interreligious dialogue. Culture causes conflict especially ethnocentrisms, differences in values or ethics and miscommunication of the different cultures.

Keyword: Religion, Culture, Conflict, Fundamentalism, Fanaticism, Radicalism, Religion. Interreligious Dialogue, socialization, school as an agent

Nuri Kartini 1, Muhammad Nana Trisolvena 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5711

ABSTRACT:The Cleaner Production approach is a concept for preventing and minimizing waste in a production process with a strategy called 5R, namely Rethink, Reduction, Reuse, Recovery, and Recycle. The research results show the indications of waste in the batik production process. In the batik-making process, wax and fuel are used, and water is used in the washing process. Meanwhile, the causes of the waste are that there are no records, no chemical labels, no chemical labels, no tools to reduce wax drips, no warning posters, no energy-efficient production tools, no efforts to save water, no personal protective equipment (PPE), do not yet understand the waste neutralization process. The proposed Corrective Action Plan that will be carried out is for SMEs to provide stationery to record the use of materials, SMEs to make labels for chemical containers so that they do not mix up the workers understand the names of chemicals to provide mats so that wax drops do not splatter and are not dirty. Employees in the canting department were instructed to reduce the presence of wax drips. Collecting wax left over from the wax removal process, making warning posters in the production room, replacing diesel stoves with gas stoves, and providing protective equipment (PPE). SMEs learn the waste neutralization process by attending training on textile waste processing.

Keyword: Batik, SMEs, Cleaner Production

Joseph, E. 1*, Lawal, A. U. 1, Ubaidullah, A. 2 & Kado, S. 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5712

ABSTRACT:Medicinal plant renders herbal remedies for human ailments and hence prevail over traditional healthcare practice. Baobab tree is an African tree with a long history in traditional and pharmaceutical properties and nutritional value. This study investigates the presence of heavy metals in baobab leaf samples in Katsina state using neutron activation analysis technique. Health risk associated with the consumption of baobab leaf was evaluated by estimating the daily heavy metals intake and target hazard quotient (THQ) for cancer and non-cancer risks. The study revealed that the mean concentration of some of the detected heavy metals ranged between 16.0 ± 0.1 – 37.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg for Br, 0.021 – 0.068 ± 0.011 mg/kg for U, 0.51 – 2.45 ± 0.41 mg/kg for Cr, 506 ± 66 – 1670 ± 95 mg/kg for Fe, 0.28 ± 0.04 – 3.49 ± 0.12 mg/kg for Co, 53.9 ± 0.3 – 442 ± 1 mg/kg for Mn, and 1.58 ± 0.18 – 10.8 ± 2.6 mg/kg for V, which are higher than the USEPA and WHO/FAO established tolerable limits, while those heavy metals that were found to be lower than the tolerable limits are found to range between 0.086 – 0.30 ± 0.05 mg/kg for As, 4.99 – 24.5 ± 4.1 mg/kg for Zn, and 1.41 – 2.42 mg/kg for Cu. Also, the risk level (THQ < 1) was observed for all the detected heavy metals for adults except for Mn in Daura, Fe in Funtua and Malumfashi, so also in children except for Mn in Daura, Funtua, Malumfashi, while the risk level (THQ > 1) was found in children in all the studied locations. Accordingly, except for adults in Kankia. Thus, it is deducted that, consumption of baobab leaves from Katsina state may pose a serious health risk and increase the level of cancer risk to the inhabitants

Keyword: Baobab Leave, Toxic Element, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, Medicinal Plant

Christine B. Fajardo 1, Shane S. Estrella 2, Gienalene Joyce F. Suba 3 and Eddielhyn P. Valdez 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5713

ABSTRACT:Cooking is an integral part of daily life, involving the essential task of chopping various ingredients. While manual chopping with a knife is common practice, it poses challenges in terms of time, effort, skill, and safety. The study focuses on the design and development of a foot pedal-operated vegetable chopper to address these limitations. Leveraging the efficiency of pedal mechanisms, the research creates an innovative chopping device suitable for both household and industrial use. The study adopts the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model in developing the foot pedal-operated vegetable chopper. Inputs include insights from related studies, scope, and a draft plan. The process involves construction and testing, resulting in the output of a multi-slicer vegetable chopper. The design phase outlines a comprehensive plan, tools, materials, and equipment, along with a cost and benefit analysis. The development phase includes a Gantt Chart, construction, and testing. Trials reveal initial flaws, leading to design adjustments and a successful final revision. The foot pedal-operated vegetable chopper proves economical and beneficial for end-users. Its cost-effectiveness and electricity-free operation enhance its appeal.

Keyword: Cooking, Food, Foot pedal-operated chopper, Pedal, Vegetable chopper

Teddy Takaendengan 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5714

ABSTRACT:This study analyzed river water quality in Manado City with the aim of identifying challenges and related environmental management efforts. Water samples were taken from various major rivers in the city area, and water quality parameters such as physics, chemistry, and biology were analyzed. Results showed significant variations in river water quality, with some rivers experiencing degradation due to industrial activities, agriculture, and domestic waste. Some parameters, such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and coliform bacteria content showed high levels of organic pollution. The concentration of heavy metals also exceeds the set quality standards. The main challenges in managing the river environment in Manado City are rapid industrial growth and inadequate waste treatment infrastructure. Effective management efforts include improving waste management systems, enforcing environmental regulations, and implementing environmentally friendly technologies. Public education is also needed to raise awareness of the importance of keeping the river clean. This research provides insights for the government and stakeholders in preserving water resources and river ecosystems. With these steps, it is hoped that the environment and communities in Manado City can face the challenges of river water pollution in a sustainable manner.

Keyword: Quality Analysis, River Water, Physical parameter, BOD, COD, Coliform

1 Divina H. Calingasan & 2 Daisy L. Aranguren

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.5715

ABSTRACT:This study aimed to enhance the vocabulary skills of grade 7 students by utilizing interactive word games focused on synonyms/antonyms, context clues, and connotations/denotations. The experiment involved 84 grade 7 students from Bukal Sur National High School during the 2022-2023 academic year. Pre-test and post-test measures were employed to evaluate the impact, revealing that students acknowledged the effectiveness of the games in improving their vocabulary skills. Games like "Grab the Word," "Mix and Match," "Pictionary," and "Word Hunt/Puzzles" received positive responses. Analysis of pre-test and post-test scores demonstrated significant improvements, particularly in synonyms/antonyms, with more students achieving higher ratings. In the context clues category, most students performed at a satisfactory level, showing improvement in all categories in post-test scores. There was an overall enhancement in connotations/denotations skills, with more students scoring "Very Satisfactory." Comparisons between pre-test and post-test scores of students exposed to different word games indicated a significant difference, affirming the positive impact on verbal interpretation skills. In conclusion, this study supports the efficacy of interactive word games in enhancing grade 7 students' vocabulary skills, emphasizing their value in active learning. While null hypotheses were rejected regarding specific word games, there was insufficient statistical evidence to deny a significant difference in post-test scores for respondents exposed to both Interactive Word Games.

Keyword: connotations, context clues, denotations, grab the word, interactive word games, mix and match, Pictionary, synonyms/antonyms, vocabulary skills, word hunt/puzzles